Proposed resolution (approved by CWG 2024-04-05):

Change in 13.1 [temp.pre] paragraph 2 through 5 as follows:

The declaration in a template-declaration (if any) shall

• declare or define a function, a class, or a variable, or
• define a member function, a member class, a member enumeration, or a static data member of a class template or of a class nested within a class template, or
• define a member template of a class or class template, or
• be a deduction-guide, or
• be an alias-declaration.

The declaration shall not be an export-declaration or a simple-declaration whose decl-specifier-seq contains typedef.

A template-declaration is a declaration. If

• the declaration in a template-declaration introduces an entity using a declarative nested-name-specifier (7.5.4.3 [expr.prim.id.qual]) that is dependent and equivalent to the injected-class-name of a class template or class template partial specialization C, and
• the template-head of the template-declaration is equivalent to that of C,

the template-declaration declares a member of C, and the nested-name-specifier is treated as a non-dependent reference to C for the purpose of further interpreting the declaration. Otherwise:

• A class template is introduced by a template-declaration whose declaration is a simple-declaration that either contains a class-specifier in its decl-specifier-seq or consists solely of an elaborated-type-specifier.
• A function template is introduced by a template-declaration whose declaration declares a function.
• An alias template is introduced by a template-declaration whose declaration is an alias-declaration.
• A variable template is introduced by a template-declaration whose declaration declares a variable.

[ Example:

  template<typename T> struct A {
    template<typename U> struct B;
    template<typename U> struct B<U*> {
      template<typename V> void f();
    };
  };
  template<typename T> // #1
  template<typename U> // #2
  template<typename V> // #3
  void A<T>::B<U*>::f() {}

The template-declaration #1 declares a member of the class template A, because A<T> is equivalent to the injected-class-name of A. The template-declaration #2 declares a member of the class template partial specialization A<T>::B<U*>, because A<T>::B<U*> is equivalent to the injected-class-name of the partial specialization when A<T> is treated as a non-dependent reference to the primary template A. The template-declaration #3 declares a function template that is a member of the class template partial specialization. -- end example ] A declaration introduced by a template declaration of a variable is a variable template. A variable template at class scope is a static data member template. [ Example: ... ]

[Note 2: A template-declaration can appear only as a namespace scope or class scope declaration. —end note] Its declaration shall not be an export-declaration. A template-declaration shall declare exactly one template or member of a template. [ Example:

template <int>
struct S {} v;    // error: declares both a class template and a variable template
template <int>
struct V *v;      // OK: declares a variable template

-- end example ] In a function template declaration, the unqualified-id of the declarator-id shall be a name. [Note 3: A class or variable template declaration of a simple-template-id declares a partial specialization (13.7.6 [temp.spec.partial]). —end note]

In a template-declaration, explicit specialization, or explicit instantiation, the init-declarator-list in the declaration shall contain at most one declarator. [ Note: When such a declaration is used to declare a class template, no declarator is permitted, because the declarator would be considered to declare a variable or function template in addition to the class template. -- end note ]

(From submission #506.)

Consider:

  template <int>
  struct S {} v;

Is this a declaration of a class template or a declaration of a variable template, or neither? Implementations uniformly reject.

Another example:

  template<class T>
  typedef struct C F;